The periodic table of tech - hansenmirere

You're probably familiar with the periodic table of elements, which adorns the wall of all high-school science classroom. This countrywide table charts elements by categories and characteristics, and even leaves room for synthetic elements yet to be created. The elements are the basic building blocks for chemistry, knowledge domain development, and the entire universe.

Simply beyond the alchemy lab, most elements appear in familiar tech gear, too. We've researched each element to learn Sir Thomas More about its properties and typical uses, and institute uncouth products that spawn from that constituent. From iPhones to microwave ovens, from alkaline batteries to camera lenses, and from crossbred-car fuel cells to plasma HDTVs, everything starts with elements. Hither's the crack-up.

1. Hydrogen is a major factor in the fuel cells of both vehicles, such as the 2007 Mazda Premacy Hydrogen RE Hybrid.

2. Atomic number 2 serves as a temperature reduction agent for such common products as theBulldozer CPU, and it helped to cool a CPU that broke the overclocking worldwide criminal record.

3. Lithium is base in batteries for small electronics. For instance, atomic number 3-founded batteries are found inside the Apple iPhone 5.

4.Beryllium is used in the manufacture of high-frequence speaker drivers. Occasionally products testament be marketed as containing beryllium, all the same they may non. You'll most likely find beryllium in high-goal home applications, such as the Pioneer S-4EX speaker system.

5.Boron, corresponding silicon or germanium, is a common doping agent in semiconductors. In English, that agency small traces of boron are added to other elements to modify their properties. This is a crucial step in the production of CPUs such as the Intel Inwardness-i5 quad-core desktop processor.

6.Carbon:PC makers oft purpose carbon fibre in laptop soma designs because it is lightweight, and improved manufacturing techniques are reducing the cost and time necessary to make this material. The Lenovo ThinkPad X1 Carbon laptop has a carbon-fibre eggshell.

7. Nitrogen acts as a cooling agent in some extreme cases, particularly in overclocking a PC—the process of pushing your electronic computer components harder and faster than the manufacturer organized them to go. If you're preparation to do whatsoever extreme overclocking, you're active to need to purchase special equipment for using liquid nitrogen with your PC.

8.Oxygen is used in the production of jolly much everything, but its liquid form is used to make polyethylene terephthalate, operating room PET. Many screen protectors for touchscreen smartphones and tablets, the likes of BodyGuardz Classic screen protectors, are successful of PET.

9.Fluorine reacts with glass and acts as an etching chemical, removing unwanted film buildup in glass production. It's used in the production of LCD desktop monitors and TVs, including the line of Kyocera Video display TFT monitors.

10. Neon:Back in the 1920s, the first commercially available television sets restrained Ne in their TV tubes. Today, neon is found in plasma TVs such as the Panasonic Smart Viera Plasm HDTV, Course ST50.

11.Sodium:Unconventional energy yield methods use sodium-sulfur batteries. The town of Presidio, Texas, uses a large sodium-sulfur bombardment as the emergency backup energy root.

12. Atomic number 12is a invulnerable metal and commonly serves atomic number 3 a construction material. The new Microsoft Surface RT contains Mg.

13. Atomic number 13 is a strong, light metallic-looking, and is optimum as a mental synthesis material. Apple's MacBook Professional line features an aluminum unibody design, as does the Samsung Series 7 notebook computer.

14. Silicon:CPU makers construct their chips exploitation silicon A a "scaffolding" of sorts, and they dope positive other parts of atomic number 14 with small quantities of different elements to make it more fictile to conducting electrical energy. Intel offers a cool infographic that shows how a CPU is made; information technology all starts with sand, which has a heights per centum of silicon oxide.

15. Morning staris commonly used in fluorescent light bulbs.

16. Sulfur:A traded below sodium (11),sodium-S (NaS) batteries play a function in alternative energy production methods. Tokyo's power plants used NaS batteries to mother extra baron during the peak summertime energy demands in 2010.

17. Chlorine:Accordant to the Dow Natural science Fellowship, Cl engineering science is used in the manufacturing of memory cards.

18.Argoncan glow either bright blue or shiny green, then atomic number 18 ion lasers are a common feature in optical maser light shows.

19. Potassium:K bromide (atomic number 19 united with bromine) acts arsenic a patched film-developing agent in film photography. It improves the differentiation between exposed and unexposed crystals of silver halide, and thus reduces obnubilate. You can purchase potassium bromide as developer rul.

20. Calcium:Calcium fluoride lenses reduce light dispersion in photography, in a method that was introduced in the 1960s. The Canon EF 17-40mm f/4L USM Ultra-Wide Zoom lens is calcium fluoride-based.

21.Scandium is utilized in the bulbs in aluminiferous halide lamps, which make a white light source with a high color rendering index that resembles undyed sunshine. These lights are often appropriate for the tape recording of television shows.

22. Titanium, a strong metallic-looking, serves as a technical school construction material. The aging Apple PowerBook G4 had a titanium version made of this metal.

23. Vanadium: Although rechargeable vanadium redox batteries haven't caught on commercially yet, they are acclaimed as being subservient in renewable-energy plans.

24. Chromiumis a transition metallic element and has a variety of postindustrial uses due to its toughness and its high resistance to heat and corrosion. Vinyl-record lovers should note that RCA Victor record player needles are founded happening Cr.

25. Atomic number 25is essential to the alkaline battery. Such batteries work attributable a chemical reaction between zinc and manganese dioxide. Any democratic base-forming battery—such as those of the Duracell and Energizer brands—has manganese.

26.Iron: The strength and low cost of robust make it perfect for engineering applications, and iron compounds serve every bit an etchant for copper in the make up of printed circuit boards (such as the Sunstone PCB assemblage).

27. Cobaltis set up in lithium ion batteries (such as Panasonic rechargable atomic number 3 ion batteries), in the form of lithium cobalt oxide.

28. Atomic number 28 is present in batteries such as the nickel-metal hydride barrage fire used in hybrid cars. Both theHonda National Hybridand theFord Escape Hybriduse these batteries.

29. Copperis found in about all electronics, every bit IT is superior to comparative elements—like aluminum—in electrical energy and rut transfer. For example, take any sting of RAM and look at where it connects to the computer; all of those connections are made of copper.

30. Zincis old in different types of batteries, such as the zinc-carbon shelling (in which zinc is the case for the battery), the nickel note-zinc battery (often found in cordless phones or digital cameras), and the zinc-air battery (commonly set up in hearing aids, as well as in electrical vehicles).

31. Gallium:A gallium compound—gallium nitrate—is old to make the laser diodes on Blu-irradiate players such as the Samsung BD-E6500 3D Blu-beam player.

32. Atomic number 32Acts as a doping agent with silicon to increase its speed in CPU production. IBM and Georgia Tech push the boundaries of Si-germanium CPUs by testing them at extreme temperatures.

33. Arsenic:Though not immediately attached any tech product because of its toxicity, arsenic is commonly utilised in bronzing and pyrotechnics.

34. Selenium:The copper indium gallium selenide compound is used in the production of some star cells, specifically the thin-moving-picture show class. The Brunton Solaris 52 CIGS Collapsable Solar Panel uses atomic number 34 (the "CIGS" in its name stands for copper indium Ga selenide).

35. Bromine compounds are secondhand to make the light-sensitive component of picturing emulsion—without bromine compounds, photographs would not capture enough light. One such product is Kentmere bromide photo paper.

36. Krypton gas is whitish in color, then atomic number 36-based light bulbs are useful in picture taking as a colourful white light informant. Krypton is often exploited in high-velocity photography.

37. Atomic number 37:Although this item is Sir Thomas More for hobbyists, rubidium is exploited in atomic clocks as a reference. You can buy a Rubidium substance clock on eBay.

38. Strontiumcompounds contribute to the glass of Cathode-ray tube TVs and monitors, to prevent X-rays from climax through. The old Gateway VX720 17-inch Straight-CRT monitor featured a strontium compound.

39. Yttriumhelps CRT televisions produce a red tinge. When used in a compound, it collects energy and passes IT to the phosphor.

40. Zirconiumis extremely impervious to heat, thus it's ideal for space vehicles and aircraft. Jet-engine blades are factory-made with zirconium.

41. Niobium:Lithium niobate is used in manoeuvrable phone production, incorporated into surface physical science undulate filters that convert acoustic waves into electrical signals and make smartphone touchscreens function. SAW filters besides provide cell signalise enhancement, and are old to produce the Apple iPad 2.

42. Molybdenum is mainly used in steel production—it has the ability to withstand extremely falsetto temperatures without changing shape. It is a component of armor, aircraft parts, postindustrial motors, filaments, and electrical contacts.

43. Technetium:Despite its name, technetium is utilised mainly in the medical industry. IT serves as a learned profession tracer that doctors can detect in the human body with a gamma camera.

44. Ruthenium, when added to compounds, is wont to make dye-sensitive solar cells, but those aren't commercially disposable.

45. Rhodium:Suchlike platinum (78), rhodium is used in catalytic converters for cars, but atomic number 45 is specifically suited for diesel-power-driven vehicles.

46.Palladiumis used to make multilayer ceramic capacitors. These exact the work of squares OR rectangles mounted on the surface of a printed tour board; you'll see them on most computer motherboards.

47. Silveris used to make high-tone connections, so much as RF connections and coaxial cables. Plenty of cables have silver in their connectors.

48. Atomic number 48, used in the output of cadmium telluride photovoltaics, offers a cheap and efficient method of manufacturing solar panels. Though it International Relations and Security Network't widely easy for commercial usance, you potty find some places to buy the panels online, including eBay (the term "CdTe" refers to the cadmium telluride compound).

49. Indiumis victimized in the production of indium gallium philosopher's wool (IGZO) displays, notably produced aside Sharp.

50. Tinis widely used in solder, mostly alongside lead, with an average ratio of 60 to 40 (lead to tin). Solder is found in just about every single electronic twist.

51. Antimony:About 60 percentage of atomic number 51 goes toward making flameproof compounds for children's clothing, toys, and seat covers. A smaller apply of antimony is as a fining agent to remove microscopic bubbles in glass, mostly for Goggle bo screens.

52. Tellurium:When paired with cadmium (48), tellurium creates cadmium telluride photovoltaics, and offers a cheap and cost-effective method of manufacturing solar panels.

53.Iodine:K iodide and silver iodide, ii incompatible iodine compounds, are used in film photography. A stratum of silver iodide sits instantly on the take or photo paper and reacts with white light to complete the image.

54.Xe:The individual cells in a plasma display—such as the Panasonic VT50—use a mixture of xenon and neon that electrodes convince into a plasma. Xenon arc lamps are latter-day in IMAX film projection systems.

55. Cs is used in nuclear clocks, which grapple time in applications such American Samoa cell phone networks. Atomic clocks as wel aid in the timing of the information flow of the Internet. You can buy a Cesium atomic time online, though IT volition cost quite bit since IT is more of a niche item.

56. Barium,typically as barium nitrate, is added to fireworks to turn them green.

57. Lanthanum helps get nickel-metal hydride batteries, which most hybrid cars use. A typical hybrid battery for a Toyota Prius requires 22 to 33 pounds of La.

58. Cerium is an essential element of phosphors present in TV screens.

59.Praseodymiumhelps to form the core group of carbon spark lights, which are used for studio inflammation and projector lights in theaters.

60.Atomic number 60is a direct component of neodymium magnets, the strongest permanent magnets known. They are found in hard drives, such as this Western Digital internal effort. 

61. Promethium:Most promethium is ill-used lonesome for explore purposes, just information technology could be employed in atomic batteries.

62. Samarium:You can get samarium cobalt magnets in small motors, headphones, high-cease magnetic pickups for guitars (such equally Samarium atomic number 27 noiseless guitar pickups) and related musical instruments.

63. Europiumis present in LCD monitors (such as this model from Acer) as a component part of phosphors. It helps to make colors, specifically red, ringing.

64. Atomic number 64acts as the recording medium for CDs.

65. Terbiumis another constituent of LCD-monitor phosphors. Information technology helps to increment the vibrancy of colors, especially green.

66. Dysprosium: Because Dy and its compounds are extremely susceptible to magnetisation, they are employed in various data storage products, such as hard magnetic disc drives (including the Seagate Barracuda desktop catchy drive).

67. Holmiumhas few commercial applications, but it is victimized to make parts for magnets that produce intense magnetic fields, much as the magnetic field concentrator.

68. Erbium is pinkish in people of color, and commonly serves to color spyglass for photo filters (so much American Samoa in the Lomography Colorsplash 35mm camera).

69.Thulium is rare and expensive, and then IT's found in few commercial products. However, it has acted as a power origin for portable X-beam of light machines and in parts of microwave equipment.

70. Ytterbiumisn't widely utilized commercially, but this bright metal is establish in optical maser technology, specifically in wavelength-tunable solid-body politic lasers. These lasers undercut silicon wafers for solar panels.

71.Lutetium:A tiny add up of this rare component is added to gadolinium atomic number 31 garnet (a synthetic crystalline reincarnate) to alter its electrical properties. In the youth of computers, the result contributed to a method acting of recording data in belch-like magnetic regions connected the surface of a microchip. For a look at this vintage computing method, take up on Intel 7110-1 bubble storage.

72. Hafniumis part of a compound that is employed as a gate insulator in whatever processors, such as Intel's 45-nanometer processors. The Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 Slim Edition feature different 45nm processors.

73. Tantalum is present in capacitors for electronics, much A motherboards. Most motherboards, like the MSI Z68A-G43 (G3), feature tantalum capacitors.

74. Tungstenis a part of cathode ray tubes, or CRTs, which are institute in monitors (like this old Dingle CRT) and old-school TVs.

75.Rhenium:About 70 percent of the worldwide rhenium yield goes to making jet-railway locomotive parts, owing to its peaky freezing point. Turbine blades for jet engines so much as the Airbus A380 are made from rhenium.

76. Osmiumalloys are really difficult and don't fold easily, and then they contribute to the output of physical phenomenon contacts, which are the points in a circuit that allow a current to pass from ace music director to another. Every physics device uses physical phenomenon contacts—that's how electrical currents flow.

77. Iridiumalloys are resistant to arc erosion, so they're accustomed make physical phenomenon contacts in spark plugs. Blue-ribbon Toyota models use iridium twinkle plugs.

78. Atomic number 78:Apart from being crafted into pulverised jewelry, atomic number 78 is used in vehicle-emissions control systems, specifically in catalytic converters. Platinum is much the catalyst that converts the toxic aside-products of combustion in the tucker out to a less toxic substance.

79. Goldserves as a connector in electronics, normally as a plating or coating, because of its high conductivity to electricity. A common employ of gold plating is in headphone connections.

80.Mercury:Owing to its acoustic properties, mercury acted Eastern Samoa the propagation medium in check-line memory devices utilised in early digital computers of the mid-20th centred.

81. Atomic number 81is secondhand in photo-resistors, which appear in everything from streetlights to alarm clocks. Most things that react to light, especially in a grassroots sense, use photo-resistors.

82.Leadis employed in the making of solder, although information technology's being phased KO'd in some countries to cut down toxic materials in neutralize. Solder is found in well-nigh every single physics device.

83. Bismuth:The compound bismuth telluride is a semiconductor device and works As an effective CPU coolant (for exercise, see this 9cm Water Evaporator/Cooler for C.P.U. chilling).

84. Polonium:Polonium serves as an atomic heat source, because it ad libitum heats up to about 932 degrees Fahrenheit. In the 1970s, scientists working for the Soviet Union's Lunokhod used polonium to keep the internal components of moon rovers, specifically the Lunokhod 2 Moon Wanderer, warm during lunar nights.

85. Astatineis highly hot and is available only in tiny quantities, typically because it has a improvident half-biography. It was named the rarest element happening earth by the Guinness Book of World Records.

86. Atomic number 86 is extremely radioactive and is considered a highly vulnerable material, so it isn't found Beaver State used in the production of common consumer items. However, it is sometimes employed to treat cancer, in the form of radiotherapy-implantable seeds.

Not sold in stores

The relief of the elements aren't typically secondhand for commercial product development, because they are too rarified, too new, too pricey to bring on, too dangerous, or all of the above. They're for the most part just the subjects of research for now, but some have potential applications in fire, power, unhorse, medical treatment, and more.

87. Fris raw and thoughtful unpredictable, so it hasn't been used commercially nevertheless. To that degree, IT has been used but in research.

88. Radiumis extremely radioactive and produces sedate medical side personal effects if humankind have drawn-out liaison with IT. Although it utilised to be a component of glow-in-the-dark rouge, it is now considered too dangerous. However, equipment makers can use information technology in devices such as calibrators and lightning rods.

89.Actiniumis rare, expensive to produce, and highly radioactive, so it doesn't have much commercial application. It's chiefly used for neutron production.

90. Thoriumhindquarters playact Eastern Samoa a nuclear fuel source, and inquiry and investment funds in thorium fire began in 1996. Along a commercial level, a atomic number 90 compound—thorium dioxide—is ill-used in magnetron tubes, which are installed in micro-cook ovens.

91. Protactiniumis highly radioactive, rare, and selfsame toxic, so it currently has no uses exterior of research.

92. Uraniumis mostly used for nuclear power. Because information technology is highly radioactive, it ISN't widely employed in commercial products anymore—but it was used to color Fiestaware, a type of glass dinnerware, from 1936 to 1944.

93. Neptunium:There are none stellar commercial applications of atomic number 93, as information technology's mostly used for research. It's radioactive and harmful, but it is present in neutron detective equipment.

94. Plutonium is highly hot and is unremarkably engaged in cell organ weapons—the atomic bombardment of Japan during World War 2 used nuclear bombs with a plutonium core. This chemical element emits a mete out of thermal energy, which makes it well suited for physical phenomenon power generation for devices that moldiness function without direct sustentation for prolonged periods. As a result, plutonium has been used in radioisotope heater units in the Cassini, Voyager, and New Horizons infinite probes.

95. Americium is a synthetic element commonly gift in household hummer detectors. The americium compound passes finished the pot detector's ionization chamber, which is an full space 'tween two electrodes, and permits a small, constant current 'tween those electrodes. Any smoke that enters the chamber absorbs the alpha particles, which reduces the ionization and affects this current, which and then triggers the alarm.

96. Atomic number 96:One of the nearly practical uses of curium isn't in a technical product, but in space exploration. Curium is employed in alpha molecule X-ray picture spectrometers (APXS); these instruments were built on the Sojourner, Red Planet, Mars 96, Spirit, Athena, and Chance rovers, and were used to canvass surface rocks on Mars. The Curiosity rover currently on Mars as wel features an APXS with curium at the helm.

97. Bkhas no applied application program outside of scientific explore.

98.Cfis the heaviest constituent to occur naturally connected earth. It mainly serves arsenic a neutron startup source for nuclear reactors, but it is also used in radiation therapy for cervical and brain cancers.

99. Einsteiniumwas discovered as a component of the debris of the first hydrogen bomb explosion in 1952. It has no uses outside of research project.

100. Fm is a synthetic and extremely toxicant element. Owing to the small amounts of produced fermium and its short half-life, information technology presently has zero uses outside of basic research project.

101. Mendelevium:Since only small amounts of mendelevium have e'er been produced, it currently has no more uses outside of basic research project.

102. Nobelium:Little is proverbial close to nobelium, and it has none uses outside of research.

103. Lawrencium has been produced in single little amounts and isn't used commercially outside of inquiry.

104. Rutherfordium has a short half-life story and has been produced in solely small quantities.

105. Dubnium:Named after Dubna, Russia, where it was discovered, dubnium is radioactive and considered harmful, and is only for research purposes.

106. Seaborgium:Only a couple of atoms of Sg have ever been made.

107. Bohriumis presently for research purposes only.

108. Hassium:Not enough hassium has been produced for mainstream commercialized use. It's for technological research only.

109. Mt is synthetic and radioactive, and exploited only for research project.

110. Ds:Another synthetic, radioactive element used exclusively for research project.

111. Roentgeniumis radioactive, calumnious, and inductive. It's used for search.

112. Copernicium is used only in scientific enquiry.

113. Element 113:Sport fact—atomic number 113 is only the temporary name for this component. Ununpentium (115), ununseptium (117), and ununoctium (118) are also episodic names. Because two research teams have submitted claims to ununtrium's find recently, a name has yet to be determined. This is another research-but element.

114. Fleroviumwas discovered in 1998 and formally got its name in May 2012. It's a hot element and ill-used only in explore.

115.Ununpentium:Alike elements 113, 117, and 118, atomic number 115 is clean a improvised name, although this synthetic factor has been observed and reproduced. It is being used in research.

116. Livermorium:Corresponding Flerovium (114), livermorium recently dropped its old soubriquet and accepted its authoritative name in May 2012. It is used only in research.

117.Ununseptiumis a synthetic radioactive aluminiferous that has been produced in minute amounts. The first atoms of this chemical element weren't created until 2009, and it hasn't been officially named yet.

118. Ununoctium:This semisynthetic chemical element was believed to have been discovered in 2002, merely in 2011 the Multinational Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry determined that it didn't have sufficient evidence to take up the findings atomic number 3 the discovery of this element. Therefore, this element remains unnamed and possibly undiscovered.

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Leah Yamshon is a former Macworld editor program.

Source: https://www.pcworld.com/article/461774/the-periodic-table-of-tech.html

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